This model computes the trajectory of an ion in a uniform magnetic field using the Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations available in the Mathematical Particle Tracing interface.
This model demonstrates the use of optical tracing for studying optically large gradient-index structures with anisotropic optical properties. Additionally, the model introduces a smoothing technique for handling discontinuities of...
A Luneburg lens, in the most general sense, is a spherically symmetric thick lens with a variable-index refracting structure which will form perfect geometrical images of two concentric spheres onto each other. The Luneburg lens has a...
Transport which is purely diffusive in nature can be modeled using a Brownian force. This model shows how to add such a force in the Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow physics interface. Particle diffusion in a fluid is modeled with the...
A quadrupole mass filter (QMF) is a key component of a modern mass spectrometer. A QMF uses direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electric fields to analyze positive or negative ions by mass to charge ratio. A QMF consists of 4...
In static mixers, also called motionless or in-line mixers, a fluid is pumped through a pipe containing stationary blades. This mixing technique is particularly well suited for laminar flow mixing because it generates only small pressure...
The principle component of a quadrupole mass spectrometer is the mass filter which is used to filter ions with different charge to mass ratios. The quadrupole mass filter has been well studied over the years, Ref. 1 and the physics and...
A Rossler attractor is a system of three non-linear, ordinary differential equations. The Rossler attractor is similar in nature to the Lorenz attractor. The non-linear equations can be solved in COMSOL by conveniently using the Massless...
A scanning electron microscope samples images by scanning a target with a high-energy beam of electrons. The subsequent electron interactions produce signals such as secondary and back-scattered electrons that contain information about...
The Particle Tracing Module extends the functionality of the COMSOL Multiphysics environment for computing the trajectory of particles in a fluid or electromagnetic field, including particle-field interactions. Any add-on module...
This tutorial model shows how to add customized particle-particle interaction forces. In this example the gravitational force between 2500 stars in a galaxy is modeled. The galaxy initially rotates as a rigid body, then begins to change...
This model shows how to use particle tracing to simulate convection-dominated particle flow through a small office setting.
Multipaction can occur when electrons are accelerated by a high frequency RF field into surfaces. Secondary electron emission can occur and under the right conditions there can be an exponential growth in the number of electrons. The...
Particle Tracing is used in conjunction with magnetic fields and pressure-driven microfluidic flow to calculate the separation of red blood cells from blood plasma using magnetophoresis. An array of soft iron rectangles on either side of...
An Einzel lens is an electrostatic device used for focusing charged particle beams. It may be found in cathode ray tubes, ion beam and electron beam experiments, as well as in ion propulsion systems. This particular model consists of...
